To detennine number and effects of genes that control ERUCIC ACID in rapeseed Brassica napus, two zero ERUCIC ACID cultivars were crossed with four cultivars containing various levels of ERUCIC ACID content (4.56% to 46.5%) including reciprocals. The ERUCIC ACID content of F1"s and their reciprocals was intennediate of parents indicating embryonic control of ERUCIC ACID and absence of maternal effect in inheritance of ERUCIC ACID in B. napus. ERUCIC ACID content of F2 seeds segregated in to 5 classes <2%, 2-16%, 16-32%, 32-44%, and >44% with a ratio of 1: 4: 6: 4: 1. Backcrosses seeds (BC1) derived from the F1× (zero ERUCIC ACID parents), segregated into three classes (<2%, 2-16% and 16-32% ERUCIC ACID) with a ratio of 1: 2: 1. On the other hand, backcross seeds (BC2) derived from F1× (high ERUCIC ACID parent) segregated into three classes (16-32%, 32-44% and >44% ERUCIC ACID) with a ratio of 1: 2: 1. The segregation patterns in F2 and BC1 indicated that ERUCIC ACID content in B. napus was governed by two independent genes interacting in an additive manner. Pooled data analysis also conformed above results. Contributing of alleles of genes was not same. Alleles E1 and E2 in this study were equal to Ea and Eb that reported already.

The Brassica genus classified into two basic groups: High ERUCIC ACID rapeseed (HEAR) and Low ERUCIC ACID rapeseed (LEAR). Oils having high levels of ERUCIC ACID have found widespread applications for non-edible purposes and oils with low levels of ERUCIC ACID have used for edible purposes. In this study, the gene and its promoter of b -ketoacyl-CoA synthase (KCS) enzyme that responsible for ERUCIC ACID biosynthesis were isolated and their effect was investigated on rate of ERUCIC ACID content of transgenic canola. Specific primers were used to amplify fae gene and its specific promoter from genomic DNA by PCR technique. The putative gene and promoter from B. napus were cloned into pSK+ vector and sequenced in both directions. Sense construct from fae gene and its promoter cloned into a plant expression vector, pBI121. Recombinant vector transferred to rapeseed plant via Agrobacterium-mediated transformation method. Presence of gene construct in transgenic plants was confirmed with PCR, dot blot and Southern blotting analyses. Finally the transgene function and its effect on ERUCIC ACID content were measured with gas chromatography in transgenic and control plants. Four putative transgenic plants were shown an increase in ERUCIC ACID level. Maximum of increasing was observed in one sample (No. 4) with 13% C22:1 in comparison with 1.1% in control plant.

Background: Infant formula, depending on the source, contains various fatty ACIDs, which may possess important nutritional and biological value for infants. The presence of some of these fatty ACIDs in infant formula, however, can be harmful and toxic for the infant. In this regard, more attention has been paid to ERUCIC ACID since its accumulation in myocardial tissues may cause damage to the heart. Therefore, a limit has been set by the Codex Alimentarius for the presence of ERUCIC ACID in infant formula (less than 1% of total fatty ACIDs). The purpose of the present study is to investigate amount of ERUCIC ACID present in three infant formulas used predominantly in Iran.Methods: Gas chromatography (GC) is a valuable method applied for the separation of fatty ACIDs, including ERUCIC ACID, from oils and oily food. Three brands of infant formulas, namely Humana, Biomil and Multi, were analyzed by GC using a wall coated open tubular (WCOT) fused silica column and flame ionization detector (FID). Heneicosanoic ACID was employed as an internal standard.Results: The findings showed that Humana and Biomil infant formula samples contained 0.06% and 0.002% ERUCIC ACID (from total fatty ACIDs), respectively, while no ERUCIC ACID was detected in the Multi infant formula samples.Conclusion: The amount of ERUCIC ACID in the studied infant formulas was far below the Codex limit of 1% total fatty ACIDs.

In order to study the effects of drought stress and delayed cultivation on grain yield, oil yield and grain fatty ACID composition in canola at autumn Cultivars, a field experiment was conducted as split-plot and as Randomized Complete Block Design (CRBD) with three replications in Seed and Plant Improvement Research Institute of Karaj, Iran in 2014-2016. Experimental treatments were included sowing dates in two levels included 20th of October (normal cultivation) and 5th of November (delayed cultivation), Irrigation in 2 levels included: full irrigation (control) and drought stress (irrigation withholding in pod formation) as well as hybrids and canola autumn cultivars included Neptune, Elvise, Okapi, Tassilo, GKH0224, GKH2624 and GKH3705. Results showed that irrigation withholding in pod formation stage decreased Seed yield, oil yield, and number of grain per pod, number of pods per plant, chlorophyll content, oleic ACID, and Linoleic ACID content. Whereas ERUCIC ACID and palmitic ACID content were increased. The highest grain yield (5354 kg. ha-1) and oil yield (2443 kg. ha-1) were in full irrigation and normal cultivation. And the lowest of them were observed in irrigation withholding in pod formation stage and delayed cultivation. The highest content of palmitic ACID was observed in GKH3705 cultivar, sowing date of delayed cultivation and irrigation withholding in pod formation stage. Also the minimum amount of it was obtained in normal cultivation, Neptune cultivar under full irrigation conditions. The cultivar of GKH3705 was the most appropriate in terms of the number of seeds per pod, oil yield, saturated and unsaturated fatty ACIDs, and chlorophyll content. According to the results, on delayed cultivation and the GKH3705 cultivar under normal irrigation and drought stress can be recommended.

In order to the effects of elements zinc, boron and sulfur on quantitative and qualitative agronomic characteristics of rapeseed var. Hyola 401, an experiment was conducted in Rice Research Institution of Iran, Rasht province in 2010. A field experiment with completely randomized block design was performed with eight treatments in three replicates. Treatment consisted of control, Zn, B, S, Zn+S, Zn+B, B+S, and S+B+Zn. Sulfur treatment was added at the rate of 100 kg ha-1 before sowing; Boron was added as Borax (Na2B4O7, 10H2O) at the rate of 1.5 kg ha−1, and zinc was added as Zn 15% EDTA at the rate of 1.5 kg ha−1 to the soil. Analysis of variance showed that the effects of treatments on siliques total number at plant, grain number at siliques thousand-seed weight and seed yield were significant (P<0.01). Minimum grain oil and seed yield were obtained from control treatments and the highest seed yields were obtained from S+B+Zn treatments. The maximum oleic ACID (229.6 mg g-1) and linolenic ACID (27.14 mg g-1) were obtained from B+Zn+S treatment. Maximum of linoleic ACID (55.55 mg g-1) were obtained from B+Zn treatment. Maximum stearic and palmitic ACID was obtained from B+Zn and S+Zn treatments which were 6.527 and 15.47 mg g-1, respectively. The highest ERUCIC ACID content was (0.878 mg g-1) at control treatment. Based on the results, application of B, S and Zn fertilizers with NPK fertilizer can help increase the yield and yield components in rapeseed